![]() Confucius advises a ruler who wishes to learn foreign languages not to bother. (王) Ī Western Han work attributes a dialogue about translation to Confucius. To make what was in their minds apprehended, and to communicate their likings and desires, (there were officers), - in the east, called transmitters in the south, representationists in the west, Tî-tîs and in the north, interpreters. In those five regions, the languages of the people were not mutually intelligible, and their likings and desires were different. The Classic of Rites records four regional words: ji 寄 "send entrust rely on" for Dongyi 東夷 "Eastern Yi-barbarians", xiang 象 "be like resemble image" for Nanman 南蠻 "Southern Man-barbarians", didi 狄 鞮 "Di-barbarian boots" for Xirong 西戎 "Western Rong-barbarians", and yi 譯 "translate interpret" for Beidi 北狄 "Northern Di-barbarians". The Chinese classics contain various words meaning "interpreter translator", for instance, sheren 舌人 (lit. Some related synonyms are tongyi 通譯 "interpret translate", chuanyi 傳譯 "interpret translate", and zhuanyi 轉譯 "translate retranslate". The Modern Standard Chinese word fanyi 翻譯 "translate translation" compounds fan "turn over cross over translate" and yi "translate interpret". It also developed in the context of Chinese literary and intellectual tradition. It is a response to the universals of the experience of translation and to the specifics of the experience of translating from specific source languages into Chinese. It developed through translations of Buddhist scripture into Chinese. ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)Ĭhinese translation theory was born out of contact with vassal states during the Zhou Dynasty. ( September 2008) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations.
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